Community policing

Explain the concept of Community policing ?  Discuss the methods to make the community policing successful.

Concept of Community policing is based on principles of London policing system which says that a crime free society must be policed by the members of the society in general and by a specialized organization called police to carry out special police functions.

Community policing states that people are police and police is people.

     According to Uppal commission of Canada , community policing will be successful only if it is taken up in decentralized and democratic manner. This clears the way for  effective and comprehensive participation of every member of  the community. Also, the service conditions and remuneration of police personnel should be adequate. If not, then the members of the police administration might discourage community policing as it would hinder in their corruption earnings as was the case of Uganda Police department. Besides, community policing should be introduced ecologically that is there should not any rigid rules that are followed in every region but should be specific to the community for whom the policing is introduced.

administrative adjudication

Ques: Explain the concept of administrative adjudication. Discuss the factors giving rise to the need for administrative adjudication.

Ans: Administrative adjudication is a quasi judicial function undertaken by the administration to solve the issues arising out due to administrative actions.

          During the early years of 19^th century and under the influence of welfarism, the state got bigger and undertook a large number of functions. Naturally, it resulted into increased conflicts between the state and the members of the civil society. In addition, issues within the administration also increased. Hence, the judiciary got overburdened.

Also, the members of the judiciary although were experts in the field of law but had limited knowledge of administrative procedures, rules and regulations. Therfore, judiciary needed to include experts of administration in the judicial process so as to effectively solve the issues arising out of administrative action. Secondly, the administration was experiencing fast and dynamic changes and so administrative actions needed flexibility. The flexible administration needed to be backed by a flexible judicial process. The judicial process being rigid needed to change its character towards becoming emphatetic to the requirements of administration. Besides, the increased number of cases resulted into increased expenditures of the state and the whole judicial process started becoming inefficient. Hence, a need was felt to device an efficient mechanism for faster disposal of the cases.

    Subsequeltly, Administrative courts were setup in different countries of the world and presently every country whether belonging to the continental law system or common law system has its own system of administrative adjudication.

Ques: What is Administrative Law. Describe the scope and nature of Administrative Law and Bring about the correlation between rule of law and Administrative Law.

Ans: Various theorists such as Griffith, Prof swatz, Prof hart came out with different definitions of administrative Law that is indicative of no universally accepted definition of administrative law. Though, a general definition can be assigned on the basis of the definitions by various theorists.

    Administrative Law refers to the laws that deal with the roles and responsibilities of administration. While assigning the roles and responsibilities it also describes the manner in which those responsibilities are to be exercised. In addition, it puts limits on the powers of administration and describes the manner in which the limits are to be exercised. Besides, In case of breach of law, it provides for remedial actions.

     Historically, Administrative Law came up in the context of continental legal system of France and some other European countries that was different from the Common Law system of UK, US. In the continental law system, there were two different courts namely-ordinary courts and administrative courts. Whereas ordinary courts dealt with the issues of society and regarding members of the society, the administrative courts dealt with the issues of state and regarding members of state. The continental law system assigned a narrow connotation to administrative law by differentiating it with the common law.

 Scope:

Professor MP Sharma says that administrative law is of two types: official law and law dealing with administrative responsibility. Official law includes imparting education, facilities, services etc , issuing licences, certificates, No objection certificates etc, delegated legislation and administrative ad jurisdiction. The Laws that make the administration accountable to citizen, legislature, judiciary and international agencies etc. come under the ambit of laws that deal with responsibility of administration. The same was explained by Professor Hart through his concept of Internal and External administrative Law.

Nature :

First, Administrative Law is Social as it exercises discretions in operations. Second, It is technical as it deals with subjects of rationality, scientisicm that require technical skills and methods. Third, It assigns certain privileges to the members of administration. Fourth, It is flexible as it deals with subjective issues. Third, It is dynamic and progressive as it is subjected to interpretations especially by judiciary.

     Contempory Rule of Law has two aspects: Substantial and Procedural Aspect. The Substantial aspect deals with the objectives of the society and the Procedural aspect describes the procedures to achieve the aims and goals of the society. It should not violate citizen rights, should not be discretionary, should be reasonable, rational , should be reflective of the customs and values of the society etc. Since Administrative Law empowers the administration with power of action therefore it is complementary to the Rule of Law. Without the Administrative Law, Rule of law cannot achieve its objective and in the absence of rule of law administrative law becomes directionless.

Ques: The Rule of Law of Dicey is a garb to maintain the status quo between the haves and have nots.

Ans: The rule of law of Dicey provides for a single set of laws for everybody, delegated legislation, interpretation by judiciary . According to Marx, The Society consists of have and have nots and hence the single set of laws for both the sections is intended to control the revolutionary spirit of have nots. The have nots being dispriveleged have a much higher propensity than the haves to violate the laws. In addition, violation of laws need to be proved in a court of law through a process that is cumbersome and expensive, to ensure punishment. Practically, this results into punishment for the have nots only whereas the haves go unpunished. So, Rule of Law though ideologically aimed to depict the egalitarian nature of the society ends up hiding the true character of society that is to maintain the socio economic composition of the society.